Tag: history

Posted on by

Ghost Light in Galaxies Very Old

In giant clusters of hundreds or thousands of galaxies, innumerable stars wander among the galaxies like lost souls, emitting a ghostly haze of light. These stars are not gravitationally tied to any one galaxy in a cluster.

The nagging question for astronomers has been: how did the stars get so scattered throughout the cluster in the first place? Several competing theories include the possibility that the stars were stripped out of a cluster’s galaxies, or they were tossed around after mergers of galaxies, or they were present early in a cluster’s formative years many billions of years ago.

A recent infrared survey from NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope, which looked for this so-called “intracluster light,” sheds new light on the mystery. The new Hubble observations suggest that these stars have been wandering around for billions of years, and are not a product of more recent dynamical activity inside a galaxy cluster that would strip them out of normal galaxies.

The survey included 10 galaxy clusters as far away as nearly 10 billion light-years. These measurements must be made from space because the faint intracluster light is 10,000 times dimmer than the night sky as seen from the ground.
The survey reveals that the fraction of the intracluster light relative to the total light in the cluster remains constant, looking over billions of years back into time. “This means that these stars were already homeless in the early stages of the cluster’s formation,” said James Jee of Yonsei University in Seoul, South Korea. His results are being published in Nature magazine (https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-022-05396-4).

Stars can be scattered outside of their galactic birthplace when a galaxy moves through gaseous material in the space between galaxies, as it orbits the center of the cluster. In the process, drag pushes gas and dust out of the galaxy. However, based on the new Hubble survey, Jee rules out this mechanism as the primary cause for the intracluster star production. That’s because the intracluster light fraction would increase over time to the present if stripping is the main player. But that is not the case in the new Hubble data, which show a constant fraction over billions of years.
Intracluster light was first detected in the Coma cluster of galaxies in 1951 by Fritz Zwicky, who reported that one of his most interesting discoveries was observing luminous, faint intergalactic matter in the cluster. Because the Coma cluster, containing at least 1,000 galaxies, is one of the nearest clusters to Earth (330 million light-years), Zwicky was able to detect the ghost light even with a modest 18-inch telescope.

NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope’s near-infrared capability and sensitivity will greatly extend the search for intracluster stars deeper into the universe, and therefore should help solve the mystery.

Pictures and Captions
https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2023/hubble-finds-that-ghost-light-among-galaxies-stretches-far-back-in-time

AR #111

The Universe had no beginning, quantum calculations reveal

Posted on by

Why was Roman concrete so durable?

An unexpected ancient manufacturing strategy may hold the key to designing concrete that lasts for millennia.

The ancient Romans were masters of engineering, constructing vast networks of roads, aqueducts, ports, and massive buildings, whose remains have survived for two millennia. Many of these structures were built with concrete: Rome’s famed Pantheon, which has the world’s largest unreinforced concrete dome and was dedicated in A.D. 128, is still intact, and some ancient Roman aqueducts still deliver water to Rome today. Meanwhile, many modern concrete structures have crumbled after a few decades.

Researchers have spent decades trying to figure out the secret of this ultradurable ancient construction material, particularly in structures that endured especially harsh conditions, such as docks, sewers, and seawalls, or those constructed in seismically active locations.

Now, a team of investigators from MIT, Harvard University, and laboratories in Italy and Switzerland, has made progress in this field, discovering ancient concrete-manufacturing strategies that incorporated several key self-healing functionalities. The findings are published in the journal Science Advances, in a paper by MIT professor of civil and environmental engineering Admir Masic et al (https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.add1602).

For many years, researchers have assumed that the key to the ancient concrete’s durability was based on one ingredient: pozzolanic material such as volcanic ash from the area of Pozzuoli, on the Bay of Naples. This specific kind of ash was even shipped all across the vast Roman empire to be used in construction, and was described as a key ingredient for concrete in accounts by architects and historians at the time.

Under closer examination, these ancient samples also contain small, distinctive, millimeter-scale bright white mineral features, which have been long recognized as a ubiquitous component of Roman concretes. These white chunks, often referred to as “lime clasts,” originate from lime, another key component of the ancient concrete mix. “Ever since I first began working with ancient Roman concrete, I’ve always been fascinated by these features,” says Masic. “These are not found in modern concrete formulations, so why are they present in these ancient materials?”

Previously disregarded as merely evidence of sloppy mixing practices, or poor-quality raw materials, the new study suggests that these tiny lime clasts gave the concrete a previously unrecognized self-healing capability. “The idea that the presence of these lime clasts was simply attributed to low quality control always bothered me,” says Masic. “If the Romans put so much effort into making an outstanding construction material, following all of the detailed recipes that had been optimized over the course of many centuries, why would they put so little effort into ensuring the production of a well-mixed final product? There has to be more to this story.”

Upon further characterization of these lime clasts, using high-resolution multiscale imaging and chemical mapping techniques pioneered in Masic’s research lab, the researchers gained new insights into the potential functionality of these lime clasts.

Historically, it had been assumed that when lime was incorporated into Roman concrete, it was first combined with water to form a highly reactive paste-like material, in a process known as slaking. But this process alone could not account for the presence of the lime clasts. Masic wondered: “Was it possible that the Romans might have actually directly used lime in its more reactive form, known as quicklime?”

Studying samples of this ancient concrete, he and his team determined that the white inclusions were, indeed, made out of various forms of calcium carbonate. And spectroscopic examination provided clues that these had been formed at extreme temperatures, as would be expected from the exothermic reaction produced by using quicklime instead of, or in addition to, the slaked lime in the mixture. Hot mixing, the team has now concluded, was actually the key to the super-durable nature.

“The benefits of hot mixing are twofold,” Masic says. “First, when the overall concrete is heated to high temperatures, it allows chemistries that are not possible if you only used slaked lime, producing high-temperature-associated compounds that would not otherwise form. Second, this increased temperature significantly reduces curing and setting times since all the reactions are accelerated, allowing for much faster construction.”

Pictures and captions:
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.add1602
https://news.mit.edu/2023/roman-concrete-durability-lime-casts-0106

AR #79

Romans in America

by Frank Joseph

Posted on by

Enigma of the Long Skulls

Societies around the world portray distinct characteristics that define the language spoken, and the customs and traditions that are passed from generation to generation, each of these can provide insights into a cultural group. There are, however, a number of universal customs that are practiced on each continent around the globe. They include circumcision, death and burial rituals, and cranial deformation. These traditions originated in our remote past, their purpose and meaning seemingly lost to the sands of time.

It was once believed that head modifications developed in Egypt and then spread around the world. Researchers have concluded that this phenomenon was not isolated to one geographic area and then disseminated out into the surrounding areas. Instead, this bizarre hallmark of ancient societies sprang up around the world in different cultural groups independently. Many have come to believe it to be an inherent step in the evolution of a group’s culture.

Cranial deformation is a distinct and painful tradition. The objective of cranial deformation is to elongate the shape of the head. This procedure, once performed, cannot be reversed. More importantly, individuals who have had the procedure performed, unlike circumcision, cannot conceal it. It is a permanent visible marker that identifies not only a cultural group but also select individuals within that society. When a child is born, the infant’s head is fashioned or molded into a unique long and slender shape. The simplest method a caregiver employed was to put pressure on, or gently massage, the child’s head daily until the desired shape was achieved. The second method constrained the child’s head in a mechanical device, which, over time, would produce the desired elongated shape. Head modifications were always performed during infancy, when the cranial bones were still tender and pliable and the sutures between the cranial bones are unfixed. This allowed shaping or reshaping the head. But why would a mother or caregiver subject her child to such a painful and ongoing process?

Skulls displaying clear signs of cranial deformation surfaced in the archaeological record of the early Neolithic Era starting around 10,000 BCE. The practice of head modifications during the Neolithic era (prior to 5000 BCE) appears episodic. This may be due to the number of individuals whose heads were modified, or, could be tied to the limited number of remains that have been unearthed. Some of the earliest examples of elongated skulls discovered were unearthed in southeastern Australia in Coobool Creek and Kow Swamp. Remarkably, finds that date to about the same time were also found in the Shanidar Cave in Iraq. In the eastern highlands of Brazil, a skull was recovered from Confins Cave that dates back to 7566 BCE.

Starting around 5000 BCE, the tradition of skull modification appears to have expanded. This assumption is based upon the increased number of remains with elongated skulls recovered. Some researchers believe that the convention of cranial manipulation mushroomed as early hunter-gatherer societies began to coalesce into urban environments. Figurines with deformed crania also begin to appear in the archaeological record, further supporting the antiquity and distribution of this custom.

In the modern world, the tradition of cranial deformation is often associated with ancient indigenous cultures and not with advanced western civilizations. If it was practiced in the Western world, one might assume that it occurred sometime in our remote past

AR #103

Enigma of the Long Skulls

Posted on by

Digging up Arthur’s Stone

Popular British writer Graham Philips (The Lost Tomb of King Arthur), is one of the leading authorities on the historical origins of the Camelot stories. He also believes it all happened in the fifth-century Iron Age, not the middle ages as represented by the grail romances. Philips now argues that the bones of King Arthur himself will be found in Shropshire, and he is campaigning to have a specific site there dug up by archaeologists (Atlantis Rising Magazine #119, “The Quest for King Arthur’s Lost Tomb,” by Graham Phillips).

Meanwhile, archaeologists from The University of Manchester have just started to dig at a 5,000-year-old tomb which many think is linked to King Arthur, hoping to explain some of the mysteries of a previously unexcavated neolithic chambered tomb known as ‘Arthur’s Stone.’ Investigators are coordinating with English Heritage, the agency in charge of the site. Similar examples in the area have been found to contain partial skeletal remains, together with flint flakes, arrowheads and pottery.

All that remains of the ‘Arthur’s Stone’ site, apparently, are the large stones of an inner chamber, which partially form a mound whose original size and shape are unknown. Formed from nine upright stones, the chamber is topped by an enormous capstone estimated to weigh more than 25 tons. Like many prehistoric monuments in western England and Wales, this tomb has been associated, since before the 13th century, with King Arthur. According to legend, it was here that Arthur dispatched a giant who left the impression of his elbows on one of the stones (https://www.manchester.ac.uk/discover/news/tomb-linked-to-king-arthur/).
In recent times, author C.S. Lewis is thought to have been inspired by ‘Arthur’s Stone’ when he imagined the kingdom of Narnia—providing the stone table upon which Aslan the Lion is sacrificed in The Lion, The Witch, and The Wardrobe.

Whether or not this story or many others is grounded in historical fact, however, is probably not the most important point for most of us today. The enduring popularity of the Grail Romances, seems more related to the role they continue to play in our imagination. Like disputes over the literal truth of the Bible, and other holy books, the most important thing for most of us probably has more to do with what the stories have come to mean symbolically. It seems ironic that as our connection to ideals like chivalry enshrined in the myths, are apparently fading away, the need to uncover the true facts of the underlying story becomes even greater.

AR #119

The Quest for King Arthur’s Lost Tomb

Posted on by

Bird Thought Extinct, Rediscovered

This bird hadn’t been documented by scientists since 1882. Then they captured video of it in Papua New Guinea

By Zoe Sottile, CNN

A bird thought to be extinct for 140 years has been rediscovered in the forests of Papua New Guinea. The black-naped pheasant-pigeon was documented by scientists for the first and last time in 1882.

Rediscovering the bird required an expedition team to spend a grueling month on Fergusson, a rugged island in the D’Entrecasteaux Archipelago off eastern Papua New Guinea where the bird was originally documented. The team consisted of local staff at the Papua New Guinea National Museum as well as international scientists from the Cornell Lab of Ornithology and the American Bird Conservancy.

Fergusson Island is covered in rugged, mountainous terrain – making the expedition especially challenging for the scientists. Many members of the community told the team that they hadn’t seen the black-naped pheasant-pigeon in decades, says the news release.

But just two days before the researchers were scheduled to leave the island, a camera trap captured footage of the exceptionally rare bird.

“After a month of searching, seeing those first photos of the pheasant-pigeon felt like finding a unicorn,” John C. Mittermeier, director of the lost birds program at American Bird Conservancy and co-leader of the expedition, said in the release. “It is the kind of moment you dream about your entire life as a conservationist and birdwatcher.”
The black-naped pheasant-pigeon is a large, ground-dwelling pigeon with a broad tail, according to the release. Scientists still know little about the species and believe the population is small and decreasing.

Referenced Story with pictures and captions:
https://www.cnn.com/2022/11/19/world/black-naped-pheasant-pigeon-scn-trnd/index.html?

AR #128

Bird King

by Jonathon Perrin

Posted on by

Magical Mystery Door

Investigation of Egyptian sacred portal reveals a history of renovation and deception

by Daniel Weiss

While a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Cambridge, Melanie Pitkin became interested in a particular Egyptian limestone stela held by the university’s Fitzwilliam Museum. She had been working with the Fitzwilliam Egyptian Coffins Project, during which time she and her colleagues found that the practice of recycling wood from older coffins to make new ones was much more common in ancient Egypt than previously known. Pitkin was curious as to how the practice of reusing objects translated to other materials. Her Fitzwilliam colleague, Egyptologist Helen Strudwick, encouraged her to investigate the limestone stela, also known as a false door, which had been used for the tomb of a woman named Hemi-Ra during the First Intermediate Period (ca. 2150–2030 B.C.). This was a time of political breakdown and disruption, during which control of Egypt was divided between rival power bases in Herakleopolis in Lower Egypt and Thebes in Upper Egypt.

False doors were intended to serve as portals that allowed the ka, or life force, of the deceased to move back and forth between the tomb and the afterlife. “Family members and priests would come to the tomb where the false door was standing and they would recite the name of the deceased and his or her achievements and leave offerings,” says Pitkin, who is now senior curator of antiquities at the University of Sydney’s Chau Chak Wing Museum as well as an affiliated researcher at the Fitzwilliam Museum. “The ka of the deceased would then magically travel between the burial chamber and the netherworld. It would come and collect the food, drink, and offerings from the tomb to help sustain it in the afterlife.”

 By closely examining the false door from Hemi-Ra’s tomb, which measures 32.5 inches tall by 26 inches wide, Pitkin and her colleagues could see that areas of the limestone appeared to have been smoothed and that some parts of the surface were much paler than the rest, suggesting that they had been recarved after the stela was first crafted and had not weathered to the same degree. When she looked at the door under a microscope, it became clear that it had once been painted with red ocher, most likely in an attempt to make it resemble much more expensive red granite. There was also evidence that some of the stela’s hieroglyphic text had been colored with a pigment known as Egyptian blue. However, certain parts of the door showed no sign of pigment at all. “There were no traces of red in some of the figures, but we could see red at their edges,” Pitkin says. “That was what made us really think, ‘OK, this has been tampered with.’” Her investigation ultimately revealed that Hemi-Ra’s false door was likely significantly altered not only in antiquity, but also much more recently, probably by a forger with an eye to modern sensibilities. In order to deepen their understanding of the stela, Pitkin and her colleagues attempted to re-create portions of it using periodappropriate tools, and received a crash course in the level of skill required to craft such an object—or to modify it in a way that might pass muster in the eyes of ancient Egyptians or modern connoisseurs.

Referenced article with pics and captions: https://www.archaeology.org/issues/488-2211/features/10882-egypt-stela-false-door

AR #63

Opening the Door to Sacred Geometry

by Len Kasten

Posted on by

Is the Universe a Hologram?

by Anil Ananthaswamy, Scientific American

Twenty-five years ago, a conjecture shook the world of theoretical physics. It had the aura of revelation. “At first, we had a magical statement … almost out of nowhere,” says Mark Van Raamsdonk, a theoretical physicist at the University of British Columbia, Vancouver. The idea, put forth by Juan Maldacena of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, N.J., hinted at something profound: that our universe could be a hologram. Much like a 3-D hologram emerges from the information encoded on a 2-D surface, our universe’s 4-D spacetime could be a holographic projection of a lower-dimensional reality.

Specifically, Maldacena showed that a five-dimensional theory of a type of imaginary spacetime called anti–de Sitter space (AdS) that included gravity could describe the same system as a lower-dimensional quantum field theory of particles and fields in the absence of gravity, called a conformal field theory (CFT). In other words, he found two different theories that could both describe the same physical system, showing that the theories were, in a sense, equivalent—even though they each included different numbers of dimensions, and one factored in gravity where the other didn’t. Maldacena then surmised that this AdS/CFT duality would hold for other pairs of theories, with one having a single extra dimension than the other, possibly even those describing 4-D spacetime like ours.

The conjecture was both intriguing and shocking. How could a theory that included gravity be the same as a theory that had no place for gravity? How could they describe the same universe? But the duality has largely held up. In essence, it argues that the goings-on inside some volume of spacetime that has gravity can be understood by studying the quantum-mechanical behavior of particles and fields at that volume’s surface, using a theory with one less dimension, one in which gravity plays no role. “Sometimes some things are easier to understand in one description than the other, and knowing that you’re really talking about the same physics is very powerful,” says Netta Engelhardt, a theoretical physicist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

In the 25 years since Maldacena mooted the idea, physicists have used this power to address questions about whether or not black holes destroy information, to better understand an early epoch in the our universe’s history called inflation, and to arrive at an astonishing conclusion that spacetime may not be fundamental, but something that emerges from quantum entanglement in a lower-dimensional system. Granted, all of these advances involve the theoretically plausible spacetime of anti–de Sitter space, which is not the de Sitter space that describes our universe, but physicists are optimistic that they’ll one day arrive at a duality that works for both.  If that were to happen, the idea could help develop a theory of quantum gravity, one that would combine Einstein’s general relativity with quantum mechanics. It would also imply that our universe is a hologram in truth.

Referenced article
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-our-universe-a-hologram-physicists-debate-famous-idea-on-its-25th-anniversary/?

AR #106

The Multiverse Consideration

by Patrick Marsolek

Posted on by

Strabo’s Temple of Poseidon Said Found

Austrian and Greek archaeologists think they have found the fabled temple of Temple of Samian Poseidon mentioned by an ancient Greek historian in southern Greece. In Geographica, his encyclopedia, Strabo wrote of a sanctuary to the sea god and an important center of identity for the ancient city of Samikon (also known as Samicum), which he said dated from 700 to 480 BCE.

Early in October of 2022 archaeologists located what they believe is the temple foundation which is 31 feet wide. They also found fragments of its laconic roof and a marble perirrhanterion (water basin used for rituals) confirming that the building dates to the archaic period. The team also discovered other architectural features typically found in ancient temples, including a pronaos (vestibule) and two inner rooms—one of which is a cella, filled with “a dense layer of tiles.”


According to Plato, the central temple of Atlantis was also dedicated to Poseidon, albeit, around 9000 years earlier. Although he described the temple in some detail, Plato told of only one ritual activity that took place there with ceremonial regularity. In the Kritias, he wrote that the ten Atlantean rulers, representing various regions within their imperial network, gathered in the Temple of Poseidon alternately every fifth and sixth year—to honor the sacred numerals of male and female energy, respectively—during the late afternoon of a particular holy day. Alone and without the assistance of priests or advisors, they “consulted on matters of mutual interest”; i.e., the diplomatic, commercial and military concerns that concerned the empire primarily.

AR #129

Ancient Temple of the Stars

Posted on by

HAARP is Back and Aiming at Jupiter

Gakona, Alaska’s massive ionosphere-trained antenna array has returned to the spotlight, with the biggest target yet, in its sights—the planet Jupiter, by way of Earth’s moon.

Back in the 1990s the High-frequency Active Auroral Research Program (HAARP) was launched, ostensibly as an ionospheric research program funded by the U.S. Air Force, U.S. Navy, the University of Alaska Fairbanks, and the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). In Angels Don’t Play this HAARP, the best-selling book by Atlantis Rising Magazine columnist Jeane Manning and Dr. Nick Begich, argued that HAARP might actually be an attempt to weaponize weather utilizing advanced psychotronic (parapsychological) technology. Manning and Begich were not alone in their opinion.


According to Wikipedia, one Russian military journal even wrote that such ionospheric testing would “trigger a cascade of electrons that could flip Earth’s magnetic poles.”
The Alaska state legislature and the European Parliament held hearings about HAARP, the latter citing environmental concerns.


Former Governor of Minnesota, ex-professional wrestler, and documentary maker Jesse Ventura questioned whether the government was using the site to manipulate the weather or to bombard people with mind-controlling radio waves. An Air Force spokeswoman said Ventura made an official request to visit the research station but was rejected. “He and his crew showed up at HAARP anyway and were denied access,” she said.


In 10 days worth of unprecedented experiments in October, 2022, researchers attempted what they called a ‘Jupiter bounce,’or “Interplanetary Ionosonde.” According to a statement from the University of Alaska Fairbanks, the experiment was “the largest active remote sensing operation in history,” and was intended to test HAARP’s ability to bounce signals off  the ionosphere of Jupiter, and also to determine how well receivers at the University of New Mexico’s Long Wavelength Array could receive such reflected signals.
The stated purpose was to test the coordination of military and scientific facilities intended for eventual study of near-Earth asteroids, especially those that could be a hazard to Earth.


Knowing an asteroid’s composition can influence the type of defense to be used, the statement said.


The experiment consisted of transmitting a signal from HAARP to the moon and receiving the reflected signal at the California and New Mexico sites. 


The possibility of ‘psychotronics’ manipulation first made news in the 1970s, when many reports surfaced suggesting that the U.S. government had developed, and actually deployed, psychotronic weapons that made mind control of targeted individuals, and even large groups, possible. Much research, and even news reports argued for the seriousness of the topic, but the idea was relentlessly ridiculed by the mainstream media, and has since been relagated to the realm of fringe conspiracy theory—not to be taken seriously by the public. Still, there were many, including the Princeton University Anomalies Lab, the Stanford Research Institute, the Institute of Noetic Sciences, and others, who took the subject very seriously and devoted considerable research to it.


According to NASA, HAARP consists of 180 antennas designed to transmit signals into the ionosphere, which extends from 30 miles (48 kilometers) to 600 miles (965 km) above sea level and is seen as the area where Earth’s atmosphere meets space. The ionosphere plays an important role in radio transmission, as it reflects radio waves. Many satellites occupy this region of the atmosphere, which is heavily influenced by solar weather.

AR #65

Weather Goes to War

Posted on by

Oldest Panorama in World

11,000-Year-Old Wall Relief Near Göbekli Tepe

An 11,000-year-old wall relief, located near Şanlıurfa’s famous Göbeklitepe in southeastern Turkey, constitutes the earliest known depiction of a narrative “scene” and reflects the complex relationship between humans, the natural world and the animal life that surrounded them during the transition to a sedentary lifestyle, new research revealed recently.

The ancient wall carving depicts five figures: Two humans, a bull and two leopards.


Eylem Özdoğan, the author of the study published in the scientific journal Antiquity, stated that there is very little information about the civilization that made this relief. (https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/sayburc-reliefs-a-narrative-scene-from-the-neolithic/3A35B54B3265C7224CB225FE70EBDD02)


“The communities living in this region share a common cultural environment. They certainly communicate with each other and share innovations, social ideology and a common culture,” Özdoğan, an archaeologist at Istanbul University, said in a statement to Gizmodo.


According to the news of Independent Turkish, radiocarbon dating studies of samples taken from the region continue, but researchers believe that these reliefs were made around 9,000 B.C.


That is due to the fact that the relief was found in the ancient city of Sayburç in Şanlıurfa. Sayburç was founded in 9,000 B.C. when hunter-gatherers switched to agriculture and settled life.


In 1949, most of the ancient city of Sayburç was open to settlement. However, excavations that began last year unearthed a Neolithic structure in the city. As the archaeological value of the city was revealed, some modern structures are planned to be demolished. So far, only half of the historic texture has been unearthed.


It is stated that the newly discovered relief is one of the oldest narrative works in archaeology. A 44,000-year-old pig painting, discovered in Indonesia in 2021, is the oldest known work of figurative art. However, there was no scene depiction in that work.


According to Özdoğan, the figures in Sayburç depict two scenes. The first tells the story of a man and a bull, and the other is of a man surrounded by two leopards. Both people are men.
It is striking that the dangerous features of the figures in the work, which covers an area of approximately 3.7 meters (12.1 feet), are also emphasized.


It is not known what exactly was once the intended meaning or message of the relief, in which the teeth of leopards and horns of bulls are highlighted.


https://www.dailysabah.com/life/history/oldest-scene-in-world-11000-year-old-wall-relief-near-gobeklitepe


https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antiquity/article/sayburc-reliefs-a-narrative-scene-from-the-neolithic/3A35B54B3265C7224CB225FE70EBDD02

AR #108

Civilization from Before the Deluge

by Frank Joseph